Njengoba izwe likhuthaza ngamandla imikhiqizo kanye nezinsizakalo "zokupakishwa okuluhlaza" njengokugxila ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni, umqondo wokuvikelwa kwemvelo enekhabhoni ephansi kancane kancane ube yindikimba eyinhloko yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kokunaka umkhiqizo ngokwawo, abathengi baphinde banake kakhulu ukonga amandla nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kokupakishwa. Abathengi abaningi ngokwengeziwe bakhetha ukupakisha ukukhanya, ukupakisha okonakaliswayo, ukupakisha okungagaywa kabusha neminye imikhiqizo ehlobene. Esikhathini esizayo, eluhlazaukupakishaimikhiqizo kulindeleke ukuthi izuze idumela lemakethe elengeziwe.
Ithrekhi yokuthuthukisa "yephakheji eluhlaza"
Ukupakishwa okuluhlaza kwavela ku-"Our Common Future" eyanyatheliswa yi-United Nations Commission on Environment and Development ngo-1987. Ngo-June 1992, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezihlangene mayelana neMvelo neNtuthuko yaphasisa "Isimemezelo SaseRio Sezemvelo Nentuthuko", "21 Agenda for the Ikhulu leminyaka, futhi ngokushesha laqala igagasi eliluhlaza emhlabeni wonke ngokuvikeleka kwendawo ezungezile njengomongo Ngokusho kokuqonda kwabantu umqondo wokupakishwa okuluhlaza, ukuthuthukiswa kokupakishwa okuluhlaza kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu.
Esigabeni sokuqala
kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kuya maphakathi nawo-1980, "ukupakishwa kabusha kwemfucuza" kusho. Kulesi sigaba, ukuqoqwa kanye nokwelashwa ngasikhathi sinye ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okuvela ekupakishweni kukadoti kuyisiqondiso esiyinhloko. Ngalesi sikhathi, umyalo wokuqala owamenyezelwa kwakuyi-United States' 1973 Military Packaging Waste Disposal Standard, futhi umthetho wase-Denmark wango-1984 wawugxile ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwezinto zokupakisha zokupakisha isiphuzo. Ngo-1996, i-China yaphinde yamemezela "Ukulahlwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwemfucumfucu Yokupakisha"
Isigaba sesibili sisukela maphakathi nawo-1980 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, Kulesi sigaba, umnyango wokuvikela imvelo wase-US ubeke imibono emithathu.
ekufakweni kukadoti:
1. Nciphisa ukupakisha okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi usebenzise amaphakheji amancane noma cha
2. Zama ukwenza kabusha impahlaiziqukathi zokupakisha.
3. Izinto kanye neziqukathi ezingeke zigaywe kabusha kufanele zisebenzise izinto ezibolayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu nawo ahlongoze eyawo imithetho nemithetho yokupakisha, egcizelela ukuthi abakhiqizi nabasebenzisi bokupakisha kufanele banake ukuhlotshaniswa kokupakisha nendawo ezungezile.
Isigaba sesithathu sithi "LCA" maphakathi nawo-1990s ngasekupheleni. I-LCA (I-Life Cycle Analysis), okungukuthi, indlela "yokuhlaziya umjikelezo wokuphila". Kubizwa ngokuthi "from the cradle to the grave" ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya. Kuthatha yonke inqubo yokupakisha imikhiqizo kusukela ekukhishweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuye ekulahleni imfucuza kokugcina njengento yocwaningo, futhi yenza ukuhlaziya okulinganiselwe kanye nokuqhathanisa ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwemvelo kwemikhiqizo yokupakisha. Imvelo ebanzi, ehlelekile nengokwesayensi yale ndlela iye yaziswa futhi yaqashelwa abantu, futhi ikhona njengohlelo oluncane olubalulekile ku-ISO14000.
Izici nemiqondo yokupakisha okuluhlaza
Ukupakisha okuluhlaza kudlulisa izici zomkhiqizo.Ukupakishwa okuhle komkhiqizoingavikela izici zomkhiqizo, ihlonze amabhrendi ngokushesha, idlulisele okushiwo uphawu, futhi ithuthukise isithombe somkhiqizo
Izici ezintathu ezinkulu
1. Ukuphepha: umklamo awukwazi ukubeka engozini ukuphepha komuntu siqu kwabasebenzisi kanye nokuhleleka okujwayelekile kwemvelo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto kufanele kucabangele ngokugcwele ukuphepha kwabantu nendawo ezungezile.
2. Ukonga amandla: zama ukusebenzisa izinto ezonga amandla noma ezisebenzisekayo kabusha.
3. I-Ecology: Idizayini yokupakisha kanye nokukhethwa kwempahla kucabangela ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kusebenzisa izinto ezingonakaliswa kalula futhi okulula ukuzigaya kabusha .
Umqondo wokuklama
1. Ukukhethwa nokuphathwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ekwakhiweni kokupakisha okuluhlaza: Lapho kukhethwa izinto zokwakha, ukusetshenziswa nokusebenza komkhiqizo kufanele kucatshangelwe, okungukuthi, ukukhetha okungenabuthi, okungangcolisi, okulula ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha, okusebenziseka kabusha.
2. Ukupakishwa komkhiqizoidizayini yokuphinda isetshenziswe kabusha: Esigabeni sokuqala somklamo wokupakishwa komkhiqizo, amathuba okugaywa kabusha kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinto zokupakisha, inani lokugaywa kabusha, izindlela zokugaywa kabusha, kanye nesakhiwo sokucubungula kabusha nobuchwepheshe kufanele kucatshangelwe, futhi ukuhlolwa komnotho kokuphinda kusetshenziswe kufanele kwenziwe. ukwenza udoti wehliswe ube ubuncane.
3. Ukubalwa kwezindleko zomklamo wokupakisha oluhlaza: Esigabeni sokuqala seumklamo wokupakisha, imisebenzi yayo efana nokugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha kufanele kucatshangelwe. Ngakho-ke, ekuhlaziyeni izindleko, akufanele sicabange kuphela izindleko zangaphakathi zokuklama, ukukhiqiza kanye nenqubo yokuthengisa, kodwa futhi sicabangele izindleko ezihilelekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-12-2023